Langue - Definition and Discussion

Langue - Definition and Discussion In linguistics, language as an abstract system of signs (the underlying structure of a language), in contrast to parole, the individual expressions of language (speech acts that are the products of langue). This distinction between langue and parole was first made by Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure in his Course in General Linguistics (1916). See more observations below. Also see: Linguistic CompetenceParoleSemioticsSignWhat Is Language?What Is Linguistics? Etymology:  From the French, language Pronunciation:  lahng Observations on Langue Saussure distinguished between; langue, the rules of sign system (which might be grammar) and- parole, the articulation of signs (for example, speech or writing), the sum of which is language:language langue parole While langue could be the rules of, say, English grammar, it does not mean parole always has to conform to the rules of standard English (what some people erroneously call proper English). Langue is less rigid than the phrase set of rules implies, it is more a guideline and is inferred from the parole. Language is often likened to an iceberg: the parole is visible, but the rules, the supporting structure, are hidden.(Nick Lacey, Image and Representation: Key Concepts in Media Studies. Palgrave, 1998) The language system [langue] is not a function of the speaking subject, it is the product which the individual registers passively; it never presupposes premeditation, and reflection only comes into it for the activity of classification which will be discussed later.(Ferdinand de Saussure, Course in General Linguistics, 1916; translated by Wade Baskin, 1959) Langue and Parole Langue/ParoleThe reference here is to the distinction made by the Swiss linguist Saussure. Where parole is the realm of the individual moments of language use, of particular utterances or messages, whether spoken or written, langue is the system or code (le code de la langue) which allows the realization of the individual messages. As the language-system, object of linguistics, langue is thus totally to be differentiated from language, the heterogeneous totality with which the linguist is initially faced and which may be studied from a variety of points of view, partaking as it does of the physical, the physiological, the mental, the individual and the social. It is precisely by delimiting its specific object (that is, of the langue, the system of the language) that Saussure founds linguistics as a science.(Stephen Heath, Translators Note in Image-Music-Text by Roland Barthes. Macmillan, 1988) Interdependency of Langue and Parole​Saussures Cours does not overlook the importance of reciprocal conditioning between langue and parole. If it is true that langue is implied by parole, parole, on the other hand, takes priority on two levels, namely that of learning and that of development: it is in hearing others that we learn our mother tongue; it manages to settle in our brain only after countless experiences. Finally, it is parole that makes langue develop: it is the impressions received by hearing others that alter our linguistic habits. Thus langue and parole are interdependent; the former is both the instrument and the product of the latter (1952, 27).(Claude Hagà ¨ge, On the Death and Life of Languages. Yale Univ. Press, 2009)

In the communist manifesto karl marx states capital is... not a Essay

In the communist manifesto karl marx states capital is... not a personal, but a social power. Discuss what marx means by this - Essay Example In the book â€Å"The Communist Manifesto†, Karl Marx has shown the victory of the disciples of proletarian in the communist society. In the ancient period, all the powers of the old Europe were attracted towards the holy union in order to exercise the communism. The holy union was among the spies of German police and French radicals, Pope and Tsar and the Guizot and Metternich. During this period, it was highly realized by the Europeans that the communists must openly face the entire world and meet the study of communism with the policy of the party itself. Karl Marx had also stated that the capital is not a personal but a social power. A lucid explanation of this statement would be further discussed in the essay on the basis of the bourgeois, proletarians and the communists. Discussion on the Statement i.e. "Capital is... Not a Personal, But a Social Power" and Marx’s Use of the Word â€Å"Parasite† It has been a trend that the simple words ‘oppressorâ₠¬â„¢ and ‘oppressed’ have marked several histories of open fights, which ended with a revolution among the different classes of people in the society or destruction of a particular class of people. Likewise, the revolutionary action among the bourgeois and proletarians resulted in the abolition of the capitalists’ society and introduced communism in the society. Bourgeois and proletarians are the two major dimensions of the communists’ society in the ancient times. Bourgeois were the modern capitalists acting as the owner of the production activities and the employer of the labors. On the other hand, proletarians were the group of laborers who did not have their own modes of production and were compelled to sell their labor power to the bourgeois. At that period of time, bourgeois were holding the supreme power in the society as they were the middle class owners of the production activities and the labors. The labors were the proletarians who had no power in the society rather they were treated as the private labor of the bourgeois. The proletarians were compelled to sell their labors to the bourgeois in order to earn their living. The proletarians were suppressed by the bourgeois as they had no rights of property and self-esteem in that society. Nonetheless, it was frequently observed that the communists had represented the interests of the proletarians as a whole in the movement during their fight for the property and rights1. The communists had never opposed the other working class entities of the society. They always formed similar party to that of the working class. They served the similar aims of the party as the proletariat does. The distinction between the communists and the other working parties arrive on the basis of two of the grounds. The first base is that the communists had brought the common interest of the proletarians in light during their national fight in various countries. The other is that the communists were sig nifying the interests of all the parties in the movement as a whole during the stages of development of the proletarian society. These two characteristics of the communists not only made them different from the other working class parties in the world but they had also made them the most advanced party in the entire world. The communists had the similar aim to that of the proletarians. The aims of both these parties were end of the bourgeois superiority, development of proletariat into a class and invasion of the political

How EHR (Electronic Health Record) will benefit patients and Research Paper

How EHR (Electronic Health Record) will benefit patients and Healthcare providers - Research Paper Example of information at the point of care, 88% reporting improved clinical benefits while 75% reporting that EHRs allows them to deliver better patient care. The paper finally provides a conclusion and summary of how the adoption of EHRs can be enhanced. Our current society is so far a technology advanced society that is characterized by sophisticated computing technologies ever. This society has need radically transformed by the ever evolving digital technology. Majority of us use these devices daily which include web enabled devices, tablets, smartphones which have greatly transformed the way we communicate and interact on a daily basis. Additionally, technologies such as social-networking, mobile computing and cloud computing have enhanced the way we interact in the current society. The medical field is a very information rich field that greatly requires a steady, reliable flow to allow effective participation and service delivery. This flow of information is enabled by information systems and automation of the process in health care facilities. This makes the really needed information available whenever and wherever it is needed. The key to effective service delivery in many crucial sectors in the economy is currently dependent on the automation of the processes in these sectors. The health care provision is a vital sector in the economy that must be automated to effectively provide health care services. Health care facilities have been adopting automation and using information systems in the recent past. These systems are used for different purposes in these facilities given the diverse nature of the health facilities. Some of these systems include the Electronic Health Records systems. An electronic Health Record is defined as a digital version of the manual patient card, sheet or chart. The Electronic Heath Records are patient centered records that are real time and make availability of information to authorized users instant and timely. The use of these

Kant Deontological Theory Essay Example for Free

Kant Deontological Theory Essay The Formula of Humanity- Act so that you use humanity, whether in your own person or that of another, always at the same time as an end, never merely as a means. The Formula of the Kingdom of Ends- Act in accordance with the maxims of a member giving universal laws for a merely possible kingdom of ends. The moral duty is what we should be doing. Good is defined as doing what is right and avoiding doing wrong. We have a duty to act in such a way that our actions are moral even if it produces unfavourable results. What is good, according to Kant â€Å"Nothing is good but a good will†. (Good intentions). It is good to be creative or to have good fortune with good outcomes the world becomes a better place. Goodwill is having the good intention to perform one’s duty. The consequences of our actions do not make an action good but rather the goodwill. What is having a good will? Kant proposes that when someone acts out of goodwill that is when someone is acting out of duty. According to Kant â€Å"Duty should be done for the sake and duty alone†. How do we know our duty in a certain situation? Duty has nothing to do with a certain situation or what happens all that matters is the decision is good and the outcome is good. Kant suggests act as if our decision applies to all people at all times. It is always in order to tell lies if the outcome is favourable? Kant would disagree with this. When we act purely out of duty we act reasonably in a manner that we fulfil our duties. Having goodwill is to perform one’s duty It is our duty to do our duty even though we might not be rewarded in this life but we will be rewarded in the next life. Deontological Ethics. Kant Deontological theory of ethics it is linked to moral law of ethics, especially that branch dealing with duty, moral obligation, and right action. Origin: 1820–30; Greek deont- that which is binding (stem of deo) (Websters Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913), edited by Noah Porter. ) The word deontology comes from the Greek word meaning duty (deon) and science (or study) of (logos). In moral philosophy, deontological ethics Ethical are theories that maintain that the moral rightness or wrongness of an action depends on its intrinsic qualities. (Websters Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913), edited by Noah Porter). A Quote from Kant â€Å"Awe and wonder fills the mind†. â€Å"Starry heavens a metaphor (scientific absolutism) above and the moral law within†. Like gravity and science these are laws which are absolute as well as moral laws. We have a choice we can all still identify the moral law: e. g. do not steal. Kantian deontological theory of ethics is an absolutes theory something which is considered wrong i. e. suicide will always be wrong. Kant argues that morality is rooted in reason; he states that the demands of morality are unconditional or categorical and it presupposes freedom, we have a choice and can identify and rationally identify morality. Kant states that morality must be unconditional it has to be categorical. Kant distinguishes between categorical imperatives from hypothetical ones. The categorical imperative is not about desires or goals but rather about personal well-being. Categorical imperatives are absolute and universal. Categorical imperative is necessary truth and cannot be without self-contradiction or irrationality. The Universal Law Act only in accordance with that maxim through that at the same time, will that it become a universal law. One’s actions must be universal. The Universal law is that one should act on the maxim a law which can become a universal law in nature when acceptable and sustainable. We know that lying and stealing is wrong. If everyone did this society would fail. Perfect duties are without exceptions, but we understand that torture and suicide is always wrong. Suicide is always wrong if this was universalized society would fail. We know that making False Promises that cannot be fulfilled, is always wrong if we cannot regard this as a universal law society would fail. Breaking promises when it in my interest he states that this inconsistent and therefore cannot be a moral imperative. Imperfect duties is seeking the perfection of our duties are contradictions to our will. We ought to be seeking to promote the happiness of others. We understand that this is not always possible. He does not exclude pleasure in doing duty, but that pleasure should not be the guide to what one’s duty is. What is duty? Kant says â€Å"Duty is the necessity of acting from respect for the Law†: Kant believes that duty should be crowned in the end with happiness. Obedience he says is a maxim that is universally binding as a law to all rational beings. Treat humans as ends to themselves and should respect and never to treat others as a means to an end but only as an end. This means that we should respect others, because every human possesses an intrinsic value. We are to consider whether our actions are moral and acceptable. Kant argues that morals are about following the rules. Kant moral theory can be summarised in two ways Kant argues that we all have a choice that we can all identify the moral law. The Categorical Imperative Kant designed the Categorical imperative as a framework used to make moral law, which states that one must do what one expects other to do in a similar situation. The Categorical Imperative is the central concept in Kant’s ethics and the groundwork to Metaphysics of Morals. It is based to the â€Å"supreme principle of morality† (4:392), from which all our moral duties come from. He believed that moral requirements were based on a standard of rationality and he named this the Categorical Imperative. By using the Universal Imperatives we use our reason (as long as it is not corrupted) to guide us in a path which is morally virtuous. He states that we should act according to the maxim by which you can at the same time will that it becomes a universal law. Kant uses the example of a person who lends money and is unable to repay the loan. He states that this cannot be a universal law people will no longer believe each other and no person will lend money to another. This can be explained in three ways The Universal Law means that one should act on an action which can be sustained. It is important that we should consider if an action is right or wrong. This action will eliminate selfish action towards other human beings. Imperfect Duties Imperfect duties to seek the happiness of other people this cannot completed always. The moral law will most certainly collapse if everyone told lies and were to steal. It is expected of one to perform ones duty in every way. The Kingdom of Ends is in accordance with the maxims of a member giving universal laws for a merely possible kingdom of ends is an ideal society every person must act in such a way that it benefits the greater number of people for the greater good. Every person should act in such a way as if the person through their maxim were universal lawmakers as members in the universal kingdom of ends. One cannot say I will kill myself out of love; this is acceptable and cannot be regarded as a universal law. He argues that humans have an intrinsic worth, and occupy a special place in creation, therefore people are to be treated with respect and dignity because we should understand that we are all rational agents. We possess the freedom to make our own decisions set targets and guide our conduct by reason. He believes that God is the Supreme Being speaking through our conscious. Therefore Gods existence although it remains unproven it is necessary in order for Kant’s ethical theory to be sound. He states that is freedom and immortality. â€Å"God is the law giver to be obeyed† Kant argues that there must be a God and an after-life since it would be intolerable if there were no reward. Kant states that if humans were to disappear from the planet the moral dimension would disappear too. Critique on Kant’s theories: Humans are motivated by pleasure and not only by reason. The question is it possible to act unselfishly, it is necessary to take consequences into consideration. Kant ethics places great emphasises on lying as a form of wrong. He fails to offer an understanding of conflict between different duties, Kant theories does not take into consideration social conditioning and free will. I disagree with Kant that feelings are subjective and selfish and find that he focuses too much on pure practical moral reason he excludes feeling and desires. Kant tries to combine ethics with reason but this seems unrealistic as the concept of reason does not exist in isolation from human beings and their feelings and actions. Ref: Jorge J. Gracia E, Gregory M, Reichberg and Bernard, Schumacher N. The Classics of Western Philosophy, (Blackwell Publishing Ltd). 2004. Ref: Mc Coy A. An Intelligent Person’s Guide to Christian Ethics, Continuum. London , New York Ref: http://www. slideshare. net/t0nywilliams/kant-9170093.

ADHD, Ritalin, Families, and Pharmaceutical Companies Essays -- Drug C

ADHD, Ritalin, Families, and Pharmaceutical Companies In today's fast-paced society, it seems that prescription drugs are a more reasonable and reliable solution for children and adults than diet and exercise for the "disease" known as ADHD. Rather than take the time to play with their children, or institute a proper diet, it seems that increasing numbers of parents would rather treat their children's unexplained zest for life with pills and doctors. While there are some explanations and reasons for the diagnosis of this popular disease, most children are improperly diagnosed, and are therefore taking unneeded medication. This medication is costly and it can be argued those who benefit from the sale of these drugs most are the pharmaceutical companies who develop, advertise, and sell them. According to Goodman in The Journal of Special Education (1992) The most well known drug used to treat ADHD is Ritalin, which is a Class 2 drug, in the same category as cocaine and morphine. Some of the side effects relate to lack of or increase appetite, lack of or increased sleep, and lack of growth. Because of the fairly recent introduction of this drug to cure this disease, the social and psychological implications have not yet been seen. If this trend of cure before prevention continues, pharmaceutical companies will become ever richer at our children's expense. Most people think that Attention Deficit Disorders are simply linked to children and their inability to concentrate, pay attention or sit still for long periods of time, but it can affect adults as well, making it hard to function at the work or in school. People also dismiss signs and symptoms of ADHD as misbehavior or lack of discipline by the parents. Ho... ... http://my.webmd.com/article/79/96235.htm (April 30 2006) 3. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 2006 [Online] Available: http://nimh.nih.gov (May 3, 2006) 4. Information for patients or their parents or caregivers: Strattera (atomoxetine HCI) 2002. Eli Lily and Company. [Online] Available: http://google.fda.gov (April 27, 2006) 5. What Drug Companies Aren't Telling You. 2006 (Online) Available: http://www.aflcio.org/aboutaflcio/magazine/0503_bigfix.cfm (April 15, 2006) 6.Concerta for ADHD 12/04 (Online) Available:http://www.adhdhelp.org/concerta.htm (May 10, 2006)

Archibald Motley’s Art

Archibald Motley Jr. is one of the African America painters who is renowned all over the world because of his work. One of his popular works is entitled ‘Blues’. The ‘Blues’ work of Archibald Motleys is my favorite because of two things: one, because of the socio-political message the painting evokes, and two, because of the artistic style that Motley features in this particular work. The socio political meaning of the painting refers to the feeling of fusion that the painting evokes. If the audience of the painting will know of the background of the painting, then the audience will understand how the painting symbolizes the ability of music to bring together people from different parts of the world with different origins and inclination. The title is pertaining to the type of music that originated from African Americans, and during the time Motley composed it, it was a tribute to a part of the global music scene that is growing in public acceptance and enjoyment. Like what Shuman pointed out in explaining the relevance of the painting, ‘in the hands of artists like Hughes and Motley, the blues were a potent force in both popular and high culture' (Shuman, 2002, p. 739) The aesthetic appreciation for this particular work is focused on Motley’s ability to pay tribute to the creators of such music by designing in the composition in a way that the black acts as a dominant feature of the painting, broken by the colored images of the dancers and the musicians and their clothing and the instruments. There is a sensual and fluid feeling that goes along with the painting, prompting the audience to get a glimpse of the high that comes along with the dancing of the blues because of what the curve lines evoke. The prevailing black patterns seem like references to the Black ancestry, origin and lineage, since the painting is a tribute to the success of one of the types of music that they introduced to the world. This is as much a reflection of his pride for his skin color. Being an African American himself, the painting speaks of how Black people are fusing with the rest of the world in great fluidity.

Analysis Of The Movie Emmy - 1504 Words

In my interpretation, Emmy has always been corrupted by colonial fantasies, but according to Wartenberg, the â€Å"attraction these two have for one another has nothing to do with the allure of an exoticized, forbidden Other. Ali and Emmy are simply two people who have managed to open themselves up to one another in the way we call love.† Here, he’s referring to the initial attraction that draws the couple together, which he attributes to their mutual loneliness. To Wartenberg, â€Å"they seem untroubled by the social differences between them,† and later in the film, it is Emmy’s possibility of belonging to the dominant group that builds resentment in their relationship. (178). I see why Wartenberg believes there to be no intrinsic colonial element in their relationship, but this is a superficial interpretation—as I established before, Emmy can demonstrate affection toward Ali while possessing the subconscious desire to dominate him. 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